Chemistry investigatory projects for class 12 pdf
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The first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567–1650). Many civilizations used topical application of mouldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome. "Antibacterials" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed.Īntibiotics have been used since ancient times. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Sometimes, the term antibiotic-literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι anti, "against" and βίος bios, "life"-is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas nonantibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.
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A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. aureus, resulting in a zone of inhibition.Īn antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. Testing the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method – antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and inhibit growth of S.